Thursday, July 7, 2011

RF Controlled Terrorist Fighting Robot

ABSTRACT

We cannot forget 26/11 when 101 people including nine foreigners and 14 policemen have lost their lives while about 300 people were injured in the worst terror attack seen in the country in which desperate men fired indiscriminately at people. Hence the objective of project is to minimize human casualties in terrorist attack. It has got two barrel turret through Bullet can be fired; radio camera in synchronization with the turret can rotate up and down, left and right up to a safe firing limit. Turret and camera mechanism has been installed on my previous spy robot vehicle, which has all the function like tank, turing to any angle on its axis, moving forward and reverse turning left and right, running instantly into reverse direction. This robot is radio operated, self powered, and has all the controls like a normal car. A pair of laser gun has been installed on it, so that it can fire on enemy remotely when required, this is not possible until a wireless camera is installed. Wireless camera will send real time video and audio signals which could be seen on a remote monitor and action can be taken accordingly. It can silently enter into enemy area and send us all the information through its’ tiny Camera eyes. It is designed for, fighting as well as suicide attack.



1. INTRODUCTION
The global focus on terrorism and security may have geared up following the 9/11 attacks in the USA. The risk of terrorist attack can perhaps never be eliminated, but sensible steps can be taken to reduce the risk. The issue here is how seriously do the governments take the threat of terrorism...Post-Limburg, we cannot continue to hope for the best and ignore the lessons. Our Prime Minister Manmohan Singh also mentioned in a speech last year that Indian soldiers will soon have robots assisting them to counter terrorist attack. We are yet to hear more on that thought.
The word “robot” was first used in a 1921 play titled R.U.R.: Rossum’s Universal Robots, by Czechoslovakian writer Karel Capek. Robot is a Czech word meaning “worker.”
Merriam-Webster defines robot as “a machine that looks like a human being and perform various complex acts; a device that automatically performs complicated, often repetitive tasks; a mechanism guided by automatic controls.”
ISO describes a robot as “an automatically controlled reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications. “
Yet, all these definition do give us a rough idea about what comprises a robot, which needs to sense the outside world and act accordingly. There are motors, pulleys,
gears, gearbox, levers, chains, and many more mechanical systems, enabling locomotion. There are sound, light, magnetic field and other sensors that help the robot collect information about its environment. There are microcontrollers powered by powerful software that help the robot make sense environmental data captured and tell it what to do next. There are microphones, speakers, displays, etc that help the robot interact with humans.


Abhinav Kumar Singh1, Nilaya Mitash Shanker2 & Anand Prakash Yadav3
Department of Electronics & Communication Engg., SRMCEM, UPTU, Lucknow, India Email: 1abhinavstar_1988@yahoo.co.in, 2nilaymitashshankar@gmail.com, 3anandecsrm061988@gmail.com

Transmission simulation of coherent optical OFDM signals in WDM systems

Abstract: In this letter, we first present the theoretical basis for coherent optical OFDM systems in direct up/down conversion architecture. We then demonstrate the transmission performance through simulation for WDM systems with coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) including the fiber nonlinearity effect. The results show that the system Q of the WDM channels at 10 Gb/s is over 13.0 dB for a transmission up to 4800 km of standard-single-mode-fiber (SSMF) without dispersion compensation. A novel technique of partial carrier filling (PCF) for improving the non- linearity performance of the transmission is also presented. The system Q of the WDM channels with a filling factor of 50 % at 10 Gb/s is improved from 15.1 dB to 16.8 dB for a transmission up to 3200 km of SSMF without dispersion compensation.

1. Introduction
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely employed into numerous digital standards for broad-range of applications such as digital audio/video broadcasting and wireline/wireless communication systems [1]. Recently it has been shown that OFDM can be applied in optical long haul transmission systems and had many advantages over conventional single-carrier modulation format [2-4]. Many key merits of the OFDM techniques have been studied and proven in the communications industry. Firstly, the frequency spectra of OFDM subcarriers are partially overlapped, resulting in high spectral efficiency. Secondly, the channel dispersion of the transmission system is easily estimated and removed, and thirdly, the signal processing in the OFDM transceiver can take advantage of the efficient algorithm of FFT/IFFT with low computation complexity. Recently, an equivalent optical-domain multi-carrier format, called coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) has been proposed for long haul transmission [2]. In the mean time, incoherent optical OFDM (IO-OFDM) has also been proposed independently, and has been shown to have similar dispersion tolerance with a much simpler detection scheme [3]. However, the CO-OFDM is superior to IO-OFDM in spectral efficiency, OSNR requirement, and PMD insensitivity. It is well-known that OFDM is generally susceptible to nonlinearity and phase noise owing to high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) [1]. Therefore it is critical to investigate and improve the CO-OFDM system transmission performance including fiber nonlinearity, in order to ascertain its suitability for optical transmission. In this letter, we intend to answer two important questions for CO-OFDM WDM system, (i) what is the achievable system Q value ?, and (ii) what is the optimal launch power at various transmission distances ?. We first present the theoretical basis for coherent optical OFDM systems in direct up/down conversion architecture. We then demonstrate the transmission performance through simulation for WDM systems with coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) including the fiber nonlinearity effect. The results show that the system Q of the WDM channels at 10 Gb/s is over 13.0 dB for a transmission up to 4800 km of standard-single-mode-fiber (SSMF) without dispersion compensation. A novel technique of partial carrier filling (PCF) for improving the non- linearity performance of the transmission is also presented. The system Q of the WDM channels with a filling factor of 50 % at 10 Gb/s is improved from 15.1 dB to 16.8 dB for a transmission up to 3200 km of SSMF without dispersion compensation.

Hongchun Bao and William Shieh
ARC Special Research Centre for Ultra-Broadband Information Networks, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia h.bao@ee.unimelb.edu.au; w.shieh@ee.unimelb.edu.au